The Functions of Sleep Essay - 1096 Words

The Functions of Sleep FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP: #61623; Sleep has not one main function but many. #61623; A most popular theory on why we sleep is the restorative theory of sleep: #61623; Restorative Theory: the theory of sleep that states that we sleep in order to replenish the processes of our minds and bodies that are depleted during the coarse of everyday life. #61623; Increases in low wave sleep correlate with increases in physical activity #61623; During REM sleep, proteins and other cellular components are returned to body #61623; But is the restorative theory valid? #61623; Second Wind Phenomenon, the fact that peoples sleepiness disappears when they have not slept counters the restorative theory.†¦show more content†¦#61623; People who work nights experience more physical problems and more stress. #61623; The goal is to avoid, clocks on collision, and to allow internal clocks to match external clocks, this is why night shifts are often on weekly rotation. SLEEP-WAKEFULNESS AS A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM: #61623; Free Running Rhythms: are the natural rhythms that occur in the absence of time cues; typically running about 25 hours in humans. #61623; An example of the detrimental consequences of the collision of external and internal clocks is jet lag. #61623; Jet Lag: internal biological clocks collide with external clocks as a result of moving across several time zones. STAGES OF SLEEP: #61623; Sleep is not uniform activity, but one produced of different brain waves throughout the night. #61623; 1953: Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Klietman noticed periodic bursts of eye-movement during sleep. #61623; REM Sleep (Rapid Eye-Movement Sleep): a stage of sleep associated with dreaming, and characterized by frequent eye movements, suppression of the muscles. #61623; NREM Sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep): all sleep occurring outside of REM sleep. #61623; There are five stages of sleep, REM and NREM stages 1, 2, 3, 4. #61623; The typical sleeping pattern is 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM #61623; Prior to Stage #1: there is a period of drowsiness in which appear alphaShow MoreRelatedOn the Function and Evolution of Sleep1544 Words   |  7 PagesOn the Function and Evolution of Sleep If physiologists devoted the most research time to behaviors humans engaged in the most, we would probably have a full understanding of the biological purpose of sleep. After all, humans, with the exception of most college students, spend one third of their lives in a somnolent state. Despite its fundamental role in human and animal life, sleep is, even in an age when neuroscience has reduced many behaviors to neurological mechanisms, still quite mysteriousRead MoreThe Function Of Sleep Behavior1420 Words   |  6 Pagesevolutionary standpoint, that sleep is an important part of the success of an animal. But what fitness does sleep confer to an organism? Although sleep occurs across many species of animals, the function of sleep behavior is not fully understood. Studies might suggest that this behavior might play a role in several important processes, such as the regeneration of tissue and energy management (Sara, 2017, Rasch and Born, 2013). Recent work in the field suggests slow- wave sleep may fulfill another criticalRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On Cognitive Function1656 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterize abnormalities in sleep architecture and quality, in a cohort of patients with medically refractory versus and controlled epilepsy, versus normal healthy controls and to study the effect of sleep parameters on cognitive function in these groups. The main observations made were of significantly longer self-reported and polysomnographic TST in patients with refractory epilepsy in comparison to controlled epilepsy and healthy controls. Sleep architecture was also found toRead MoreThe Theory of the Function of Sleep Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theory of the Function of Sleep One theory of sleep is the Restoration theory proposed by Oswald et al in 1966, which suggests that the function of sleep, especially REM sleep is to restore the energy levels and to repair the brain and body. Restoration can be physical and psychological. Physical restoration indicates that sleep is necessary to restore biological processes in the body through REM sleep and Stage 4/NREM sleep. NREM sleep is when the bodys processesRead MorePreventing Sleep Impaired Mental Function1817 Words   |  8 Pagestoo much – not being serious. However, there are consequences for cramming late at night. Harvard Medical School associate professor Seung-Schik Yoo’s research suggests that â€Å"lack of sleep impairs mental function [and] leaves students vulnerable to long-term permanent damage† (Heibutzki). Cramming is a sacrifice to sleep, grades, and health. However, the solution to avoid cramming from happening is to eliminate exams, focusing more on comprehension. This would allow students to have better study habitsRead MoreEvidence Suggesting Three Plausible Functions Of Sleep1312 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evaluate Evidence Suggesting Three Plausible Functions of Sleep† This essay focuses on evaluating three functions of sleep. These functions include mental health (Jackowska et al, 2011), cardiovascular disease (Kronholm et al, 2011) and memory (Hu et al, 2006). The key aspects are explained in detail with regards to studies. The findings from the studies will help justify the function and it’s involvement with sleep. Sleep is important for an individual’s well being, survival, brain developmentRead MoreEffects of Sleep Deprivation on Ones Performance and Function613 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of this study was to identify effects of sleep deprivation on a person’s performance and function in physically and mentally demanding situations. The researcher obtained research on this topic through various search engines, such as questia.com and Google Scholar. The results of the searches produced many different areas of the subject, so the range of information was narrowed to several broad topics. The areas of performance t he researcher chose were: general cognitive/motor; medicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Basic Vital Signs And Cognitive Function Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pages A Review of a Sleep Deprivation Study The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Basic Vital Signs and Cognitive Function in Humans Leighton S. Holliday University of the People Introduction In today’s society sleep deprivation has reached a level where it becomes a serious problem and over the past thirty years scientist have been studying the negative consequences of insufficient sleep. It is recommended that we get an average of eight hours of sleep each night, however, due to thisRead MoreThe Cumulative Cost Of Additional Wakefulness : Dose Response Effects On Neurobehavioral Functions And Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep887 Words   |  4 PagesDose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation (P.A., H., Greg, M., Janet M., M., David F., D. (2003)†. This article was written and submitted for publication in 2003. I found this article very interesting due to the fact that I myself, work off a very unusual work schedule and feel that I am a victim of sleep deprivation personally. For example, I find that I maintain from 4-7.5 hours of sleep a night. This has become veryRe ad More Sleepwalking Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesSleepwalking Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, belongs to a group of parasomnias. This disorder of arousal is characterized by complex motor behaviors initiated during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (slow-wave sleep) (3). Behaviors during sleepwalking episodes can vary greatly. Some episodes are limited to sitting up, fumbling and getting dressed, while others include more complex behaviors such as walking, driving a car, or preparing a meal (2). After awakening, the sleepwalker

Malnutrition Essay - 1715 Words

Cassidy Burkholder Informative Paper English Comp. 1 Mr. Broadfoot 20th of November 2012 Malnutrition Around the World For most us Americans, knowing when we’re going to eat next is something we very rarely think of, and when we do think about being hungry we still know where our food is coming from. Three big meals a day, and a few snacks in between, is how most of us live. It’s hard for us to imagine what its like for those who go days eating very little or nothing at all. But unfortunately that’s how it is for most of the world and surprisingly it happens in the United Sates as well. There are many reasons malnutrition can happen, and it happens to every age group. Even though there are many ways to treat it, in the†¦show more content†¦The ten states who felt it the most were Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, South Carolina, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Arizona. (Haerens 36) While there are malnourished people in America, it is much worse all around the world, mostly in third world countries. There are three pred ominate reasons why third world countries are hit hard with malnutrition, 1) poor families aren’t given government help, 2) difficulties with economy and 3) higher food prices. (â€Å"2012 World Hunger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) As stated in the website â€Å"2012 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics,† in the world there are 925 million hungry people, most of them in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. These people live on $1.25 or less a day. Minimum wage is $7.25 in the U.S., and most people work 8 hours a day, so that means they would be getting fifty-eight dollars a day. It would take someone in a third world country about forty-seven days to make what someone makes in America in 8 hours. And most of them spend that money on food and medical needs, but $1.25 is not enough. In the United States if a family doesn’t have enough money for medical help, they can still go see a doctor, but in other countries it’s very different. More than 30,000 children die per year from preventable sickness because they can’t go see a doctor. And as for food, Americans have access to food every hour of the day. The wealthiest 5th of the world consumes 86% of all goods, as stated in Child Welfare League ofShow MoreRelatedHunger, Malnutrition, And Malnutrition1102 Words   |  5 Pages Hunger and malnutrition in Africa has been on the increase, have affected many Africans in different ways since 1900’s. Children and adults both are facing devastating hunger and malnutrition crisis across a south of Africa. Some of the regions that are strongly affected by hunger and malnutrition issues includes Countries like Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia. Commonness of malnourishment in total populations of Kenya is 28% in Ethiopia 37% and in Zambia 45%. People in these populations are sufferingRead MoreMalnutrition Is An Epidemic Caused By Malnutrition1218 Words   |  5 PagesMalnutrition poses a large problem to thousands of people living in Ethiopia. Malnutrition is insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of protein, energy, or micronutrients. In Ethiopia, malnutrition is an epidemic caused by inadequate agricultural methods affecting the health and daily lives of many Ethiopians. Due to the poor agriculture methods in this third world country, there can be de ficient health in children and their mothers during and after the pregnancy. Organizations likeRead MoreMalnutrition And Malnutrition Among Children1923 Words   |  8 Pages Malnutrition Amongst Children in India People who are malnourished lack nutrients the body needs for proper health and development. â€Å"Malnutrition is the inadequate nutrition caused by the lack of a balanced diet or by disorders of the digestive system in which the nutrients from food cannot be absorbed properly† (dictionary.com). Chronic malnutrition can cause severe health problems. In recent years, India has had an unprecedented economic growth. It improved in education, agriculture, and technologyRead MoreMalnutrition in Children4819 Words   |  20 PagesLimitation of the study 4 1.7 Assumption of the study 5 1.8 Conceptual framework 5 1.9 Definition of terms 6 CHAPTER II: 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Definition of malnutrition 7 2.2 Causes of malnutrition 7 2.3 Forms of protein calories malnutrition 9 2.4 Impact of malnutrition 9 2.5 Management of malnutrition 10 2.6 Prevention of malnutrition 10 CHAPTER III 11 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11 3.1 Introduction 11 3.2 Research design 11 3.3 Location of the study. 11 3.4 Target population 12 3.5 Sample sizeRead MoreEssay on Malnutrition1807 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Malnutrition is a global challenge in low-income and middle-income countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black, et al., 2008). More than ten million children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in sub-Saharan Africa is approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed to the potentiating effects of malnutrition in infectiousRead MoreMalnutrition Is The Most Dangerous Form Of Malnutrition918 Words   |  4 Pagesvictories to find cures and treatments for severe diseases, but one must go through the battle first to achieve such satisfaction. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition is the most serious threat to global public health. Severe acute malnutrition is the most dangerous form of malnutrition. Worldwide, it affects about 19 million children under the age of five years. This disease expresses itself in two ways: wasting and oedema. Wasting is characterised as an extreme lossRead MoreChild Malnutrition1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Malnutrition is the cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections. Although the share of children who are malnourished has gradually been declining over the past 25 years, the actual number of malnourished children is still rising in many underdeveloped and developing countries. For example, in 1995,167Read MoreMalnutrition : A Common Problem1480 Words   |  6 PagesSection, CHD, DoHS, MoHP. (2004,p.5 ). Malnutrition is a very common problem in children under five years of age in Nepal and is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality– accounting for more than half of all child deaths. The process of stunting occurs between conception and two years of age, and is an irreversible process. Furthermore, the population of Nepal, especially women and children, are affected by major micronu trient deficiencies. Malnutrition increases the risk of mortality inRead MoreTaking a Look at Malnutrition1761 Words   |  7 PagesMalnutrition is defined as â€Å"lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat†. Some may argue that the main concept of malnutrition has to do with the amount of food and water that a certain group of people consumes in a specific location. Others are more likely to argue that it has to do with the bacteria and things that the food and water contain. It is both of these things. Malnutrition is a seriousRead MoreThe Dangers Of Hunger And Malnutrition1432 Words   |  6 Pagesare facing the burden of hunger and undernutrition/malnutrition. Tackling hunger is one of the greatest challenges of the times. Hunger is triggered by multiple dimensions and causes, ranging from deficiencies in macro- and micro-nutrients, through short-term shocks on f ood access, to chronic shortages. The food and agriculture sectors play a major role in exaggerating the consequences of hunger and undernutrition. Extreme hunger and malnutrition/undernourishment remains a barrier to sustainable

Attachment Theory Is The First Theory - 833 Words

Victoria Jones is a young woman who has spent her life growing up in the foster care system. Never being placed in a home; Victoria is moved from house to house. Because of this Victoria struggles with trusting others and because of this comes off as stubborn. There are many theories could be applied to understand why Victoria behaves the way she does. Attachment theory is the first theory. In the article written by Timothy Page the topic of attachment behavioral system functions and the direct relation to fear/wariness is discussed. The study that was discusses was done by John Bowlby, and says that the instinct is to withdraw from the feared object. (Page). In Victoria’s case the feared object would be trusting relationships. Victoria came across as a very stubborn child, being told by Meredith that if she kept her actions up, she would be deemed unadoptable at age ten. Being sent to so many families only to be removed later caused Victoria to fear trusting Relationships. Victoria views the world as unsafe, and fears everyone will hurt her. The first time meeting Elizabeth, Victoria runs away and hides. No trusting her to make food she will enjoy because of what a past family did. Throughout her journey, Victoria would try and end relationships with others when she felt herself growing too close. By ending the relationship herself, she would avoid the pain of they other person hurting her if they ended the relationship However, Victoria’s relationship withShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Attachment theory centers around relationships and bonds formed between people. It generally focuses on long term relationships such as parents or caregivers and children. The theme of the theory is that if the primary caregiver is responsive to a child’s needs, then he or she will develop a sense of security. If a parent or caregiver does not provide this, a child will have trouble attaching and forming relationships in the future. There are theorists who have explored and researchedRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreAttachment Theory1566 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment Theory John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst and has developed his knowledge and understanding into the theory of Attachment. Bowlby believed that children have been born programmed to form attachments which will help them survive; this is known as evolutionary attachments. Bowlby believed that all attachments are instinctive, he said that attachments are shown when the child is under conditions of feeling threatened, such as: separation, fear and insecurity. In 1969 and 1988 Bowlby suggestedRead MorePsychosocial And Cognitive Learning Theories1354 Words   |  6 Pagesand Cognitive learning are just a few of the theories that describe the makeup of human development and behavior. Psychosocial theories explore the relationship between the social environment and an individual’s psychological condition (Crawford and Hawford, 2011). Whilst Cognitive Learning Theory explains certain behavioral responses of people based on their understanding and mental representation of what is happening at t he present time. This theory also explores a person’s everyday interactionRead MoreAspects Of Object Relations Theory Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesexamining all aspects of Object-Relations Theory. I am also going to be explaining the shortcomings of this theory. Presenting evidence that proves this theory to be strong and relevant to adolescent development into adulthood. Object Relations Theory is a theory that was developed from a therapist client relationship this theory examines the interpersonal relationships that you have and how they shape you into an adult thinker. (Scharff, D.E. 1992). This theory reflects the care that the mother hadRead MoreThe Support Influence On Development Of Insufficient Parental Care1733 Words   |  7 Pagesquality of early attachment relationships is correlated with future personality and brain development. â€Å"The Attachment Theory is a foundation theory, developed by Bowlby. It focusses on the form, quality, and strengths of human attachments made in early life and their effects on development in pro social behaviors† (Tuner, 2011, p.30). Practitioners have found that the importance of forming a bond with a child from birth has the possibility to shape the life of a person. â€Å"Attachment Theory has emergedRead MoreTheories And Research Studies Into Attachment1227 Words   |  5 PagesBiological, development or social approaches to psychology WIZ204 Evaluate theories and research studies into Attachment. Bowlby’s theory of attachment The theory of attachment was first proposed by a British psychoanalyst John Bowlby (1907-1990) who described it as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’ (1988). According to psychologist Mary Anisworth attachment â€Å"may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one-aRead MoreHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional Development Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHow does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to socialRe ad MoreAttachment Theory Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesChris Livoti 3/5/13 IB Psychology Mrs. Urso John Bowlby is the pioneer of the attachment theory and worked with children who had been separated from their parents during World War 2. He observed that many of these children developed emotional problems, and he made the connection that the emotional problems stemmed from the separation from the mother. Bowlby was born in London to an upper class family, and would rarely see, and interact with hisRead MoreQuestions On Theories Of Attachment Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstand Theories of Attachment. Evaluating two theories that explain the development of the infant attachment to parents or surrogates. Ainsworth and Bell’s theory, based on Strange Situation Test (SST), and Bowlby’s monotropic theory will be evaluated and shall show their usefulness in psychological research. Summary of Attachment. An attachment is, to quote Kagan et al. (1978, cited in Gross, 2015), â€Å"†¦an intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time,

The Roaring Twenties A Time Of Economic Prosperity

What came to be known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of economic prosperity following the First World War. At the crest of Jazz Age, when traditional norms were tested and culture was displayed through music and literature, American consumerism was at its peak. From Ford’s automobiles to the smallest of household appliances, from houses to stock market bonds, the average American used credit to purchase all of these appliances. However, at the height of this consumerism, the wealth gap amidst the affluent and the impoverished refused to contract in size. At this moment, 0.1 percent of the elite acquired the same total income as 42 percent of the Nation’s population. With the average personal debt rising and the overproduction of consumer goods too stubborn to decrease; on October 29, 1929, otherwise known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed. Unlike others before it, this crash impacted a significant amount of the Nation’s population; predominantly due to its prosperity within the last decade as a result of foreign market advantages during the First World War. Black Tuesday came to be known as the event that set in motion what was the worst economic collapse in history, the infamous Great Depression, which lasted over a decade. Former President of the United States, Herbert Hoover, passed it on as â€Å"a passing incident in our national lives.† As a result of his belief in rugged individualism, Hoover concluded that it was not up to the federal government to try andShow MoreRelatedWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped from this 20th century time period under the influence of mass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. However it’s affliction laid the groundwork for post war prosperity. Nearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lower ed, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal and the roaring twenties were a chance for the UnitedRead MoreAdvancements During The Roaring Twenties Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesThe twenties in the United States are thought to be full of prosperity, music, dancing, and happiness. The 1920’s are often referred to as the â€Å"roaring twenties,† but many histories purpose that this is not a correct interpretation of this time period. America may have not been good for the some of the lower class in this time period, but the 1920’s were fantastic for most of the middle and upper class living in urban cities. The advantages of this time period did outweigh the bad, which is whyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1389 Words   |  6 PagesRoaring Twenties of America The Roaring Twenties era was a time of not only of crime, changing action and roles of women, but also of many other different social and cultural trends. The 1920s was the Progressive era that was a response to the Gilded Age. The Progressive era was filled with many reformers that aimed to reform the social issues like the women’s movement who had started a temperance movement to prohibit people from drinking. The 1920s was also a time of a social gap where the wealthyRead MoreThe American Dream And The Roaring Twenties1336 Words   |  6 PagesDream and the Roaring Twenties The 1920’s was knows as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age because of all the dramatic political and social change, more people lived in cities rather than farms, and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. There were many new technological innovations and many factors that made the United States the place to be to find the â€Å"American Dream†. The 1920’s were known as the Roaring Twenties or The Jazz Age because of many things. The roaring twenties was a differentRead More The Roaring Twenties Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Rarely has the world seen such a unique decade in time as the Roaring Twenties. It was an age of prosperity and change. The United States experienced a recession that was followed by a period of unlimited prosperity. Although the United States encountered both positive and negative experiences, it proved to be very influential in the future. The 1920s were definitely Roaring in more ways than one. There were major changes in American Society during the 1920s thatRead MoreCinderella Man And The Great Depression991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nineteen Twenties were an alluring, yet laborious, time for The United States as the country faced the Roaring Twenties, Great Depression and New Deal. Before the Great Depression, the United States have been a time of prosperity and originality. Products were affordable and Americans were living comfortably. Once Nineteen Twenty Nine arrived, the stock market had crashed, unemployment was at a new high, and millions of citizens were losing gre at deals of money. Fortunately, the New Deal, createdRead MoreThe Essence Of The 1920 S1659 Words   |  7 Pages1920’s in The Great Gatsby â€Å"The Roaring Twenties was the period of great American prosperity which was built on shaky foundations.† For decades, the 1920’s have been interpreted as a period of economic prosperity and social change in which the novel The Great Gatsby was born. In the early 1920’s, the United States experienced a period of immense reorganization of social and economical life; therefore, this post- World War I era became referred to as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s†, â€Å"The Jazz Age†, or â€Å"The AgeRead MoreThe Roaring 20s Essay examples655 Words   |  3 PagesThe Roaring Twenties In the 1920’s, America was evolving into a fun, carefree, and entertaining country – or so many people thought. On the outside, many people observed Americans with prosperity, lavish lives, and new opportunities through new technology and inventions. However, although America seemed to be well off at the time and enjoying life, it was only a slight cover up. Inside the country, there was turmoil which included debt and war. For this reason, America earned the reputationRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties And The Great Gatsby1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Eng III I-Hui Chen Period3 1920 is a really important time in America, it starts after the World War One until the Great Depression. People start to enjoy their life and having parties, alcohol, everything is about money and goods. We can see people’s amazing and colorful life from the,†The Great Gatsby†. But was The life at Twenties really this wonderful? Or actually there’s a lot of hard things behind the amazing life? This era is after the World War One, there’s notRead MoreThe Role of a Setting in The Great Gatsby Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the setting of New York in the nineteen twenties performs an extensive role in the novel. Although the nineteen twenties are a time of economic prosperity, they appear to be a time of corruption and crime as well. In New York, particularly, the nineteen twenties are a time of corruption and moral scarcity. The setting is during the Jazz Age as well, where popularity, fashion, and commerce are a primary inclination. The setting of The Great Gatsby efficaciously

Gray and Goldsmith’s Attitudes towards Loss Free Essays

Death as man’s fate can never be controlled by anyone or by anything. This is what one can infer from the poems of Thomas Gray and Oliver Goldsmith. These poems deal about death or loss of life and all other losses humans experience in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Gray and Goldsmith’s Attitudes towards Loss or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, this paper is a comparative analysis of the attitudes of Gray and Goldsmith towards death or loss in their poems. This includes a discussion of the similarities and differences of the poet’s attitude which can be deduced from the speaker’s involvement or attachment, the speaker’s feelings towards the subject and the tone of the poems â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† by Thomas Gray and â€Å"The Deserted Village† by Oliver Goldsmith. Obviously, both poets have similar attitudes and feelings about the subject. However, Gray communicates stronger attitudes about loss or death in his poem than what Goldsmith articulates about the subject in his poem. To begin with, Gray’s â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† is a poem composed of 128 lines grouped into stanzas and it focuses on the dead people buried in a country churchyard. While, Goldsmith’s â€Å"The Deserted Village† is a poem consisting of 430 lines grouped into irregular number of lines per thought and it talks of the wretchedness of a village named Auburn. These poems have the following similarities. Initially, both poets are emotionally attached to the topic on hand. Gray feels the loss as he contemplates of his own death someday. Meanwhile, Goldsmith has personally experienced the loss of happy memories in Auburn especially in the first 34 lines of the poem. Next, the poems â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† and â€Å"The Deserted Village† attest that death prevents humans from doing what they were used to doing and from experiencing the pleasures they used to experience. In lines 17 to 28 of Gray’s poem, the speaker cites that the dead can no longer wake up every morning with the sounds of the â€Å"swallow†, the â€Å"cock† and the horn, be with their wife and children or go to work in the farm fields. Likewise, lines 243 to 250 of Goldsmith’s poem say that those who die can no longer enjoy the different pleasures in life. Another is that according to the two poems, death or loss will come to any person regardless of his/ her social position, prestige and economic status. No one is exempted from experiencing death. It comes to the poor as well as to the rich. It comes to the kind and to the unkind. This is exemplified in the lines 33 to 40 of Gray’s poem which point that even the rich will die and their riches will not prevent death or loss from happening. It is also cited in the lines 107 and 109 of Goldsmith’s poem that man will â€Å"meet his latter end† and will go down â€Å"to the grave†. The lives of the â€Å"village preacher† in lines 140 to 187 and the â€Å"village master† in lines 196 to 240 both exemplify that death comes to anyone in the poem â€Å"The Deserted Village†. Subsequently, both poems show that a human being goes to another place after his or her life on earth is over. Gray mentions the word â€Å"heaven† found in line 124 and â€Å"God† in the last line of the poem. Goldsmith also speaks of â€Å"heaven† in lines 112 and 188. This means that both poets believe that when death comes to a person, he or she has the hope of going to heaven to be with God who is the creator of man and of the universe. Lastly, the tone of Gray and Goldsmith’s poems is similarly mournful, hopeful and wishful. Since the poems talk about death or loss, they are obviously in a state of mourning for the dead. Gray evokes an atmosphere of mourning in the first twelve lines of the poem with the images of â€Å"the parting day† (line 1), the farmer going home, and the coming of darkness. Gray also uses the wailing of the â€Å"owl† in line 10 to conjure this tone. Meanwhile, Goldsmith uses the words â€Å"saddens† in line 38, â€Å"cries† in line 46, â€Å"griefs† in line 84 among others to present this tone. But in spite of the tone of mourning in these poems, they also express the hopes and wishes of the poets that after death or loss, there will be a new life or a new beginning as alluded to in words â€Å"heaven† in lines 122 and 124 and the word â€Å"Father† and â€Å"God† in line128 of Gray’s poem. In addition, Goldsmith mentions the word â€Å"heaven† in line 188 and the phrase â€Å"worlds beyond the grave in line 374 of his poem. The differences in the attitudes and feelings of Gray and Goldsmith towards loss in their poems are the following: first, Gray seems to feel uninvolved in the poem because he uses the pronouns â€Å"them† and â€Å"their† most of the time. Perhaps, this is because he does not personally know the people who died and who were laid in the country churchyard. In fact, he was just making guesses or contemplating of possibilities of what these could have become and what could have happened to them if they did not die yet. In contrast, Goldsmith feels very involved because he uses the personal pronouns â€Å"my† and â€Å"I† for many times in the poem. This could mean that what he has written in the poem is based on his very own experiences. Second, Gray demonstrates that death prevents anyone from achieving their ambitions or from discovering their hidden potentials. This can be interpreted from lines 45 to 64 where Gray elaborates the things that those who have died could have done in their lives if they were still alive. The speaker thinks of someone who could be a â€Å"Penury† in line 51, a â€Å"Hampden† in line 57, a â€Å"Milton† in line 59, and a â€Å"Cromwell† in line 60. On the contrary, Goldsmith does not mention the what- could-have-been in his poem because he primarily talks about the loss of the simple pleasures as part of village life. Third, Gray encourages that man should be prepared to die because it is a part of the natural course of life. Just as a day in a person’s life comes to an end as literally stated in lines 1 to 4 of the poem so does a person’s life on earth ends. If there is a beginning, there is also an ending. Nothing is ever permanent in this world. Everything is temporary. What has been commonly quoted by many: â€Å"The only thing that does not change is change itself† and â€Å"There is an end to everything† are indeed true. Gray tells us in the poem that humans need to prepare for that time when they will die because it is inevitable. He even makes himself an example of a person who gets ready for his death. As a matter of fact, he includes in lines 116 to 128 of the poem an epitaph that is to be written in his own grave. However, Goldsmith implies fear or suggests dread for the day of one’s death in lines 363 to 370 of his poem. The words or phrases â€Å"sorrows gloom’d†, â€Å"look’d their last†, â€Å"wish’d in vain†, and â€Å"shudd’ring† gives an idea that the poet is not yet prepared to die if he feels that death is something that comes to everyone. Fourth, Gray presents that nothing can bring back a dead person to life. He asks in the form of rhetorical questions in lines 41 to 44 if the things he has mentioned are able to bring back a dead person’s â€Å"breath†. Since these are rhetorical questions, obviously the answer to all these is a resounding â€Å"NO†. There is really nothing that can be done or no one can do anything to make life come back to someone who is already dead. A realization can then be made based on this. A person has to do what he can do and what he wants to do while he/ she is still alive because when he dies he can never do them or he cannot return to life to do them. Goldsmith, on the other hand, does not talk about these things. Fifth, Gray feels that those who are still alive should honor and remember those who have died. This is implicitly expressed in lines 77 to 112. The words â€Å"memorial† (line 78), â€Å"tribute† (line 80), â€Å"forgetfulness† (line 85), â€Å"unhonour’d† (line 93), and â€Å"tale relate† (line 94) are some of the hints that tell us that the poet wants to be honored. He also wishes in these lines that a friend or a â€Å"kindred spirit† (line 96) would remember him when he has died. Contrariwise, Goldsmith does not refer to these hopes in his poem. Instead he has other things revealed. Sixth, Goldsmith in â€Å"The Deserted Village† presents that loss is caused by a person’s discontentment or his/ her desire for luxury and wealth. The loss specifically referred here is the loss of the â€Å"ignorance of wealth† which leads to the loss of the simple pleasures in life that is analogous to the loss of one’s own life. It can be surmised from the poem that when humans lose their desire for the simple sources of joy and happiness and instead desire for luxury and wealth, then destruction or loss of life results just like what happened to Auburn. The speaker implicitly condemns â€Å"luxury† which caused the desolation of Auburn in lines 51 to 56 and lines 385 to 390. The discontentment of the village people for the simple pleasures referred to in the words â€Å"sports† (line 18), â€Å"pastime† (line 19), â€Å"sleights of art and feats of strength† (line 22), â€Å"dancing† (line 25), and â€Å"laughter† (line 28) led the people to â€Å"leave the land† (line 50). This idea is indeed true but Gray was not able to mention it in his poem. Seventh, according to Goldsmith, loss causes pain or is very painful on the part of the person who has lost someone or something very dear to him/ her. The words â€Å"pain† in line 82, â€Å"vexations† in line 95, and the phrase â€Å"sorrow, guilt and pain† in line 172 prove that it is painful to loss someone or even something. Likewise, the loss of happy memories can be as painful as having lost one’s body part. Conversely, Gray is silent about pain in his poem. Perhaps, he does not consider a natural process of life which is death as something painful or something which causes sorrow. Eighth, Goldsmith proposes that loss comes after luxury, wealth and pleasures. So for him, one should stay away from these things. He even calls â€Å"luxury† as â€Å"curst by Heaven’s decree† in line 385. He also demonstrates through irony in lines 52 to 56 that when riches abound, men’s lives deteriorate. In addition, lines 63 to 74 support the proposition that â€Å"trade’s unfeeling train† (line 63) resulted to â€Å"mirth and manners† (line 74) being lost. Finally, the tone of Gray’s â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† reveals his attitude or feelings for the poor, his readiness to die and his resignation to the inevitability of death whereas; the tone of Goldsmith’s poem is a mix of happiness, sadness, irony, and condemnation. Furthermore, the tone of Gray’s poem remains constant throughout the poem. In contrast, the tone of Goldsmith’s poem changes its tone from one feeling to another such as being happy then sad, ironic then condemning. To sum it up, both Gray and Goldsmith feel that death or loss comes to every human being whether he or she is poor, rich, kind or unkind at anytime. When loss comes, one can no longer do what he or she used to do or would want to do. And that loss comes with hope of going to heaven to be with God. How to cite Gray and Goldsmith’s Attitudes towards Loss, Papers

Edgar allan poe biography Essay Example For Students

Edgar allan poe biography Essay Edgar Allan Poe, known as the father of short stories, has written many short stories. A few examples are The Cask of Amontillado, The Tell-Tale Heart, and The Fall of the House of Usher. Poe is known all over the world for his eerie, spine-tingling tales of horror. Reading a story terrifies anddelights you (Sohn,1964,p.1). This nineteenth century writer made a serious impact in the short story and poem writing category forever. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston,Massechusetts to David Poe and Elizabeth Arnold. When Poe wasby Poe is an experience comparable to a nightmare that both just twoyears old, his mother, a well-known actor, died of tuberculosis at the young age of twenty-five. Poes father, David Poe, also died when he was just two. After the passing of his parents, Poe was taken in by John Allan, a prosperous merchant from Richmond, Virginia, at the urging of his wife, Frances Allan. Poe was never legally adopted by the Allans, but they did try to supply him with a good home and education. Poe grew up in Richmond, Virginia, where his foster parents lived. When he was six years old, he was taken to England with the Allan family and placed in the Manor House School, a private school conducted by a conductor just like the one in William Wilson, one of Poes short stories. Poe returned to the United States in 1820 where he continued to be taught in private schools. In 1826, Poe entered the University of Virginia, but only stayed for one year. He had to drop out because John Allan would no longer pay his tuition. The reason that Allan stopped paying Poes tuition was because he received bills from his gambling. He also became a heavy drinkerwhile at the University of Virginia. After that, Allan broke up Poesengagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his sweetheart from Richmond. In1827, Poe published his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems. With no support and no money, Poe then enisted in the United States army. Two years later, while his rank was sergeant-major, Poe received a discharge to enter West Point, with the help of Mr. Allan. But again, Poe felt that his foster father did not give him enough money, so he arranged to be court-martialed and dismissed from West Point.